Background of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921

Background of the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 The Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921, informally called the Maternity Act, was the first federal law to provide significant funding to help people in need. The purpose of the Act was to reduce maternal and infant mortality. The legislation was supported by progressives, social reformers, and feminists including Grace Abbott and Julia Lathrop.  It was part of a larger movement called scientific mothering- applying scientific principles and to the care of infants and children, and educating mothers, especially those who were poor or less educated. Historical Context At the time the legislation was introduced, childbirth remained the second leading cause of death for women. About 20% of children in the United States died in their first year and about 33% in their first five years. Family income was an important factor in these mortality rates, and the Sheppard-Towner Act was designed to encourage states to develop programs to serve women at lower income levels. The Sheppard-Towner Act provided for federal matching funds for such programs as: Health clinics for women and children, hiring physicians and nurses to educate and care for pregnant women and mothers and their childrenVisiting nurses to educate and care for pregnant and new mothersMidwife trainingDistribution of nutrition and hygiene information Support and Opposition Julia Lathrop.of the U.S. Childrens Bureau drafted the language of the act, and Jeannette Rankin introduced it into Congress in 1919. Rankin was no longer in the Congress when the Sheppard-Towner Act passed in 1921. Two similar Senate bills were introduced by Morris Sheppard and Horace Mann Towner. President Warren G. Harding supported the Sheppard-Towner Act, as did many in the progressive movement. The bill first passed in the Senate, then passed the House on November 19, 1921, by a vote of 279 to 39.  It became law after it was signed by President Harding. Rankin attended the House debate on the bill, watching from the gallery.  The only woman in Congress at the time, Oklahomas Representative Alice Mary Robertson, opposed the bill. Groups including the American Medical Association (AMA) and its Section on Pediatrics labeled the program socialistic and opposed its passage and opposed its funding in subsequent years.  Critics also opposed the law based on states rights and community autonomy, and as a violation of the privacy of the parent-child relationship. Not only did political reformers, mainly women, and allied male physicians, have to fight for the passage of the bill at the federal level, they also then had to take the fight to the states to get matching funds passed.   Supreme Court Challenge The Sheppard-Towner bill was unsuccessfully challenged in the Supreme Court in  Frothingham V. Mellon And Massachusetts V. Mellon  (1923), The Supreme Court unanimously dismissed the cases, because no state was required to accept the matching funds and no injury could be demonstrated. End of Sheppard-Towner By 1929, the political climate had changed sufficiently that the funding for the Sheppard-Towner Act was ended, with pressure from opposition groups including the AMA likely the major reason for the defunding. The Pediatric Section of the American Medical Association actually supported a renewal of the Sheppard-Towner Act in 1929, while the AMA House of Delegates overrode their support to oppose the bill.  This led to the walkout from the AMA of many of the pediatricians, mostly male, and the forming of the American Academy of Pediatrics. Social and Historical Significance The Sheppard-Towner Act was significant in American legal history because it was the first federally-funded social welfare program, and because the challenge to the Supreme Court failed. The Sheppard-Towner Act is significant in womens history because it addressed the needs of women and children directly at a federal level. It is also significant for the role of women activists including Jeannette Rankin, Julia Lathrop, and Grace Abbott, who considered it part of the womens rights agenda beyond winning the vote for women. The League of Women Voters and the General Federation of Womens Clubs worked for its passage. It shows one of the ways that the womens rights movement continued to work after the right of suffrage was won in 1920. The significance of the Sheppard-Towner Act in progressive and public health history is in demonstrating that education and preventive care provided through state and local agencies could have a significant effect on maternal and child mortality rates.

bloody bill essays

bloody bill essays William Bloody Bill Anderson and his Bushwhackers The Kansas/Missouri border wars resulted in some of the bloodiest and violent conflicts prior to and during the Civil War. These conflicts started far before the beginning of the Civil War with the signing of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which entitled the citizens living in Kansas to determine whether or not they would come into the Union as a slave state or a free state. This decision led to a land rush of people who were bitterly opposed in ideals and moralities which eventually led to many small skirmishes and battles that would foreshadow on a smaller scale the carnage and tragedy of the Civil War. Among one of the families to move into Kansas from Missouri was the Andersons, and most notably William Bloody Bill Anderson. He would later become one of the most notorious men in the U.S. when he and his Bushwhackers would commit the horrific atrocity The Centralia Massacre and win lopsidedly The Centralia War. William Anderson was born in February 1840, he and his family moved from Randal County, Missouri to Council Groves, Kansas when he was 14, William moved with his brother, three sisters, mother and father. His brother and father gained notoriety quickly as horse-thieves and bandits, with William following in there foots steps. Bill served in the Missouri State Guard for some time up until their withdrawal from Lexington, at this time he returned home. In March 1862, Bill was drawn into the Border War when his father, an outspoken Southern sympathizer, was shot to death by a Union supporter, either for horse-theft, or for simply having pro-slavery views. Whatever the reason William was forced to leave Kansas by his Union supporting neighbors, and soon he had gathered together his own band Missouri partisan fighters and was bent on revenge for the death of his father and later his sister I have chosen guerrilla warfare to ...

Environmental Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Environmental Law - Essay Example In particular Judge Weeramantry discussed environmental issues relative to the threat and use of nuclear weapons. Judge Weeramentry specifically noted that the use of nuclear weapons â€Å"endangers the human environment in a manner which threatens the entirety of life on the planet†.3 Judge Weeramentry went on to state that although there was no binding international law relative to the use and threat of nuclear weapons, based on its destructive nature and the threat to human life, health and the environment in general, there was sufficient basis in international laws particularly humanitarian laws to outlaw the use and the threat of the use of nuclear weapons.4 The main contributions of the ICJ in terms of international environmental law is divided into the Corfu Channel case and the Nuclear Tests case and the Barcelona Traction case. These cases essentially establish the international law with respect to transborder environmental damages and the introduction of the doctrine of erga omnes. In this regard, the ICJ held in the Barcelona Traction case: An essential distinction should be drawn between the obligation of a state towards the international community

Discuss whether or not plea bargaining should be abolished Essay

Discuss whether or not plea bargaining should be abolished - Essay Example However, this fact can not be ignored that plea bargaining is an essential component of the justice system because it allows the trial convictions, to be more thoroughly considered when the judges are not under the pressure of too many cases. Plea bargaining reduces the number of cases that would otherwise go for trial conviction to less than half, thus improving the efficiency of the trial conviction cases. Without the facility of plea bargaining, the whole justice system is likely to collapse under the immense and unbearable work load. If the option of plea bargaining is eliminated, this would overcrowd the courts and the attention will have to be focused also on futile and pointless cases along with potentially strong and complicated cases that genuinely require trial convictions. Every day, thousands of cases of petty crimes are taken to the court, and if each and every case was given the highest consideration, the idea of a functional justice system would become unapproachable. Therefore, it is important to have a system in place that would cater for crimes of petty nature, and plea bargaining sufficiently serves this purpose. Plea bargaining allow the defendants to enter into reasonable agreements in a very short period in comparison to the lengthy trials that are conventionally conducted in cases of severe crime cases.

The Situation of African Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel Essay

The Situation of African Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Israel - Essay Example This was the first of a series of acts that displayed Israel’s opposition to further entry.   At the end of the year, a violent dispersal of a demonstration by Sudanese asylum seekers in Egypt, in which dozens were killed, resulted into an increase of refugee entry into Israel.   The country responded by reviving and enforcing a 50’s law, the Prevention of Infiltration Law in the early part of 2006.   A wave of arrests followed shortly, putting many Sudanese asylum seekers behind bars without the benefit of a quasi-judicial review.   Since then, all those arrested under the Prevention of Infiltration have been held in the Ketsiot prison without their cases heard. Several NGO’s had petitioned the High Court of Justice to put a stop on the use of such law by Israeli authorities.   The following years saw more attempts of refugees to enter Israel via the border with Egypt. With the state’s strict enforcement of the Prevention of Infiltration Law, re fugees were systematically arrested.   Many were forcibly sent back to Egypt under a process called ‘hot return’.   The refugees only experienced worse human rights abuses in the hands of the Egyptian authorities.   Several sympathetic local governments with the help of NGOs briefly accommodated those that remained, specially the Eritreans.   However, in 2007, the Ministry of Interior implemented measures took away the rights of the refugees and asylum seekers in getting employment.   Many were still tracked for ‘hot return’ and were temporarily detained while waiting to be sent forcibly .  

Brand Placement in Bollywood Movies

Brand Placement in Bollywood Movies Do the Consumers get Sensitized towards the Brands by the Brand Placement in Bollywood Movies? Abstract The practice of product placement is seen everywhere in media across the world and is now ubiquitous. The same practice of Product placement in Bollywood is not new and the practice of placing the products in the bollywood movies is seen from the time of early 1970s. The movies produced in last ten years are seen with a lot of product placement and the practice of strategically planned product placement has grown to a major extent in Indian movies (bollywood). The practical implication of the methods of product placement is evidenced in the Indian Cinema but there is hardly any substantial evidence present for the product placement and its strategies in Bollywood. The research presents an overview of the strategies adopted by Hollywood for the product placement and consolidates the technique of product placement with the practical brand placement done in bollywood by assessment of a recently released bollywood movie ‘Blue. The brands placed in this movie are classified on the b asis of the methods of classification derived from the theories which are drawn from the literature based on Hollywood. The main objective of this research is to find out whether or not the consumers are sensitized by the practice of brand placement in bollywood, and if yes then which is the method which scores most number of recalls of brands shown in bollywood movies. The findings of this study indicate that the Indian consumers do get aware from the brands shown in the bollywood movies. The findings are based on the empirical study derived from three main methods which are used in this dissertation for the collection of data, those three methods are; Case study, semi-structured interview and questionnaire. The investigation led to the other findings as well which were indicating that the format of bollywood is very different than the format of Hollywood and brand placement can be experimented much more freely as there is another dimension of music in the bollywood movies; brand placement in the bollywood movie ‘Blue investigated as a case study provided a 100% recall on the brand ‘Kylie Minogue who was placed in a song; recalls from such placement are assumed to be long lasting as the songs are shown on satellite television generating frequent encounter. No theories or methods are found on this kind of placement as the methods are der ived from Hollywood format of which is different and does not includes songs. Dissertation concludes with providing the limitations of the research and directions for future researches. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Synopsis This chapter provides with the introduction of the subject of the research and also looks at the background of the topic in brief. This chapter throws light on why I have chosen to work on this topic and what are the aims and objectives of the research made. This chapter takes into account the summary of chapters in the content which are to be followed further down in the dissertation. 1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND Indian Film Industry also popularly known as â€Å"Bollywood† is one of the biggest film making industries in the world and is the only other film making industry which can stand against Hollywood. Mishra in his work says â€Å"the massive size of Indian cinema is obvious from its statistics; eight hundred films a year shown in more than thirteen thousand predominantly urban cinemas, viewed by an average of eleven million people each day and exported to more than hundred countries.† Mishra (2002, pp.1) having considered this data which has grown to even much bigger numbers in year 2009, Indian Films have become one of the biggest instruments of mass communication. The commercial breaks on the satellite television are now avoided by the viewers as the number of channel on television have increased to huge extent which gives liberty to the viewer to flip to a channel which is more interesting and avoid the advertisement, the technology give the viewer the privilege of rec ording the programs without commercial breaks as well, factors like these has open portals for movies to become a new carrier for brand promotion. Being a mass media of this enormous magnitude, Bollywood has a lot of potential and a significant number of opportunities for In-Film planned brand placement also known as brand entertainment or brand integration (Glaiseter, 2005 ) and these opportunities are being well grabbed by the advertisers and marketers in the Indian market. In recent years a lot of research is done on Brand/Product placement in Bollywood films by marketers and advertisers so as to understand the concept and strategies of brand placement in movies. Although not many academic researches can be seen in the field of product placement in Bollywood, the practical usage of the practice of Brand Placement has grown significantly. Lehu in his work defines, â€Å"The expression ‘Product Placement or, ‘Brand Placement essentially describes the location, or more accurately, the integration of a product or a brand into a film or televised series.† Lehu (2007, pp.1) it can be understood from the work of other scholars like Kalish (1988), Gupta and (Gould 1997) Balasubramanian (1994) that brand placement is planned consolidation of brand with the elements of a feature film in return for money, service, barter, or any other kind of consideration. The research also focuses on the strategies of brand placement in Hollywood as no substa ntial academic can be found on classification of brands in the Indian cinema. The literature looks and analyzes the Tripartite typology of product placement by Russell (1998) , two dimensional approach to classify brand placement by Gupta and Lord (1998), Classification on the basic on Integration and explicitness by dAustos and Seguin (1999) and finally Shapiros (1993) classification of brand placement. 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The main aim at which the research focuses is to answer the question -â€Å"Do the consumers get sensitized towards the brands by the brands placement in bollywood moives?† Following are the main objective for this research * To know, does the Indian audience get aware of the brands shown in the movie through in-film brand placement? * Which method of brand placement leads to maximum number of recalls of brands by analyzing the data collected after conducting surveys and unstructured interviews? 1.3 KEY REASONS FOR RESEARCH The key reasons for research in this field are, not much research has been made on this field and it is a very interesting and challenging task and the field has a lot of potential for growth in future and substantial findings might prove to be an insight for marketeers and will be useful for the adoption of correct method of brand placement in future projects in Bollywood. 1.4 STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY The dissertation is divided into five different chapters; Chapter one is introduction which describes in brief the research background, aims and objectives of the research, why I have chosen this research and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter two reviews the literature and most of it is drawn from Hollywood. It begins with the definitions of Branding and Brand placement; it also draws the methods in which brand placement can be done and its classification. Chapter three of this dissertation depicts the methods used for the collection of data and also draws out the limitations of this research with other issues in detail. The fourth chapter will portray the research findings from survey and unstructured interviews. Chapter five of this dissertation is the final chapter which begins with consolidation of the research objectives with the literature review and concludes the dissertation with recommendation for future researches. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Synopsis: This part of the dissertation focuses on defining the two most important terms for this dissertation which are branding and brand placement. This chapter also reviews the existing literature on brand placement and the strategies for its classification. The chapter is divided as follows; the first section of this chapter defines Branding after understanding of which the section second of the chapter looks at one of the methods of Branding or brand promotion which is Brand placement. Section three of this chapter begins with describing the strategies for brand placement and critically analyzes work from different scholars with their classification techniques in the subsections of section three. Section four and final section of this chapter portrays the instances of successful brand placement in Bollywood. As there is hardly any literature available on Indian film industry and brand placement the theories and literature retrieved for this chapter is majorly captured from American film industry. 2.1 Branding The word so commonly used, yet not correctly interpreted by a lot of people. For the establishment of brands, companies around the world spend millions of dollars and formulate new strategies and techniques to market their product, this is what the common notion and understanding of brands for a lot of people is. (Levine, 2003) in his work says that the brand is not necessarily associated with a product or an organization or a title but anything that can be identified. One of the most popular footballers David Beckham is a brand and so is Mercedes Benz. De Chernatony and McDonald in their work define Brand as â€Å"A successful brand is an identifiable product, service, person or place, augmented in such a way that the buyer or user perceives relevant, unique, sustainable added values, which match their need most likely.† De Chernatony and McDonald (2003, pp.25) Taking this definition into consideration it can be said that consumers identify a product/services with its distinc t feature, an attribute which associates product with some quality which are distinguished from the rest in one way or the other. This unique association encourages the consumers to buy the brand and give the brand an edge over the other products in the market. Thus, it can be said that a brand is a product/service with some attributes or features that helps the product/service to stand out in the market for having such distinguished attributes. A few examples of most commonly known brands all over the world can be: Coca Cola, Pepsi, Nike, Adidas, Ferrari, Mercedes Benz, Michael Schumacher, David Beckham, Omega, Rolex, etc. It took a lot for the marketers and brand promoter to first establish these brands and a huge amount of money is spent for the promotion of these brands by using different strategies and techniques. One of such techniques is Brand Placement. 2.2 Brand Placement Also commonly known as Product Placement, the term Brand Placement has been defined by many scholars like (Steortz, 1987), (Balasubramanian, 1994), (Karrh, 1998), etc. This part of the dissertation highlights the definitions of brand placement by these scholars. (Steortz ,1987) defines Brand Placement as â€Å"the inclusion of a brand name, product, package, signage, or other trademark merchandize in a motion picture, television show or a music video†, another definition of Brand Placement is contributed by (Balasubramanian, 1994) who in his work said, â€Å"a paid product message aimed at influencing movie (or television) audience via planned and unobtrusive entry of branded product into a movie (or television program)†, the definition by Balasubramanian covers the concept of integrating brands as done in the definition by (Steortz, 1987), but it also considers the aspect of paid inclusion which is ignored by Steortz. (Karrh, 1998) defines the brand placement by covering almost all the dimensions associated with it, he defines Brand Placement as â€Å"the paid inclusion of branded products or brand identifiers, through audio and/or visual means, within mass media programming†, he further explains that the brand placemen t can also be obtrusive and is done to compliment the characters image and help in setting and filling up the elements in background. The purpose of brand placement is to promote the brand but the ways in which it is done also generates a hybrid message, it merges the major features of advertising, it give the sponsors privilege of retaining the control over the content and format but also increases the credibility by not identifying the sponsors directly. (Cohen, 1988) With the definitions above it can be drawn that the Brand Placement in movies is that technique of advertising in which the Brand or the owner pays a compensation for its integration in the movie for the exchange of marketable benefit that the brands enjoy after being noticed by the audience, however, these placements are sometimes done just because the plot of the movie requires them to be placed there, this way brand placement can also be of non commercial nature. 2.3 Strategies of Placing the Brands The practice of brand placement has been there for decades, the placement of brands in american feature films can be seen since the time of late 1940s and early 1950s (DeLorme and Ried 1999) One example of such placement is legendary actor Joan Crawford sipping Jack Daniels whiskey in the film â€Å"Mildered Pierce† in year 1948. (Nebenzahl and Secunda 1993) The evidence of brand placement in Hollywood can been seen in feature films produced in late 1940s but one of the earliest evidence of product placement in Indian cinema was seen in early 1970s when Rajdhoot motorcycles brand was placed in movie Bobby featuring one of legendary Indian actor Raj Kapoor. Brand placement in feature films caught the attention of marketers and companies when the sales of Reeses Pieces candy increased by 65% in three months after the successful placement of the brand in the American film â€Å"E.T†. (Reed, 1989) The strategies that help brand placement the most in regards to its impact and effectiveness are elaborated by Russell (1998) and Gupta and Lord (1998) further on, this research looks at classification of brand placement by dAustos and Seguin (1999) and Shapiro (1993). Russells argument for techniques of brand placement is three dimensional and focuses on modality of Visual, auditory and plot connection, whereas Gupta and Lord emphasizes on two broad categories Audio-Visual and the level of prominence. The studies from both the scholars are discussed below. 2.3.1 Tripartite Typology of Product Placement According to (Russell 1998) product placement can be classified on the basis of three dimensions visual, auditory and plot connection. Visual dimension enables the placement of the brand in such a way that the product is seen on the screen and these placements on the screen can also be further classified on the basis of their appearance. The auditory dimension or the verbal dimension refers to the mention of a brand in a dialogue these placements are also called as ‘script placements and the degree of such placements varies depending on the number of times the brands were mentioned, what was the tonality in which the brands were mentioned and in what context the brand was mentioned. The Plot connection dimension indicates the magnitude of integration of brand with the plot of the story. The dissertation will now look at the literature/the findings from previous researches, which point towards the combinations or particular method amongst the three methods stated above that migh t get the maximum recalls. Russell in his work says product placement modality and its effect is now expanded to a new dimension of elaboration, the difference between visual and auditory presented information can now be distinguished by exploring the audio-visual context of product placement. The screen placement and the script placement, or the visual and the auditory type of brand placement differ from one another especially in the terms of conveying a meaning. Visual placement of brands act as props in television and movies so as to make them more real and close to the practicality and visual channel leads to the creation of context in which the story is set whereas the audio channel is the medium through which the television program is scripted, narrated and is made audible, this makes the information received through this channel more meaningful. (Russell, 2002) The reception and processing of auditory information also happens when a person is not looking and the auditory moda lity conveys semantic information through speech. (Rolandelli et al., 1991) The reception and processing of such information which is audible is higher as it also posses the basic characteristics of intrinsic alerting and intrusiveness which also are the basic characteristics of auditory modality. (Posner et al. 1976) Using brands for representation in any of the modalities brings a relativity of the same to the story and brings more meaning to the presentation and gets deeply integrated to a persons cognitive structure. (Lehnert, 1981) Such stimulus generates deeper meaning and leads to greater recalls of brands. (Craik and Lockhart, 1972) The third dimension of brand placement also called as dimension of meaning is that of Plot Connection. The magnitude of such placement depends upon the integration of brand with the plot, the higher the connection of the brand with the story, the more significant the placement of brands is. The plot connection connects the brands with the macro s tructure of the story, with which are associated important information, hence increasing the significance and role of placement. (Russell 1998) The different combinations in plot connection and modality can also be of great significance. There can only be two situations in which the combination of modality and plot connections can be established; Match and Mismatch. The combination can said to be a ‘match when the auditory method of placement is higher in use than the visual and the brand names are audible in narration and is deeply linked with the story whereas the combination can said to be a ‘mismatch when the visual method of placement of brands is higher in application than auditory in plot connection. (Russell, 2002) A good example of a matched plot connection can be the movie â€Å"Cast Away† featuring Tom Hanks who by an accident gets left alone on an abandoned island. The two brands that were integrated well with the plot were one of the biggest courier c ompanies â€Å"Fed Ex† and another was sports goods brand â€Å"Wilson† which was integrated well in the narrative structure. A good example of a mismatched plot connection can be seen in the movie Transformers and its sequel Transformers Revenge of the Fallen in which the car which is major attraction of the movie and transforms itself into a robot is manufactured by Chevrolet, here more of Visual placement is seen and the brand is hardly mentioned in the narrative structure. Mandler in his work says lesser exposed information which is less congruent in nature is more memorable as it grabs the attention of the person by provoking his/her mind to elaborate the information. (Mandler, 1982) Modality of placement is thus a very significant factor in categorizing the recalls as it persuades and influences people and also shows the significance of stimulus. 2.3.2 Two Dimensional Approach After studying Russells approach of Tripartite Typology of Product Placement this part of the dissertation will look at Gupta and Lords Two Dimensional Approach. Gupta and Lord (1998) distinguish the product placement on two major categories Mode of Presentation and Level of Prominence. Mode of presentation further classified by (Karrh et al., 2003) as: Visual only, audio only and combined audio-visual. Visual only: this kind of presentation involves visibility of signage, hallmark, billboards, logos, or any other kind of presentation that is represents the brand. The presentation or the placement is only visual with no presence of audio or gestures. One example of ‘Visual-only placement can be seen in the movie Top Gun where the lead actor Tom Cruise wears aviator model of Ray-Ban sunglasses. Although, this method has comparatively low recall rate visual-only form of product placement is one of the most common methods for brand placements and can be seen in a lot of movies. â €˜Audio-only technique of brand placement represents the brand by transmitting the message in only auditory way. (Gupta et al., 2000) The name of the brand or a tune or even a jingle closely associated with it can be added to the script and also be a part of the narration. One example of such placement can be from the movie â€Å"The Aviator† in which the lead mentions the brand â€Å"Sears† in his dialogue delivery. ‘Audio-Visual method of brand presentation represents the brand by both, the presence of brands logo, billboard, signage, product, etc. on the screen with the mention of it in the narrative of the script. One example of such can be from the movie â€Å"James Bond-Die another day† in which, with the presence of Aston Martin, the narrative include the product name which was mentioned as Aston Martin Vanquish. This method of brand placement produce more recalls as compared to both ‘Visual-only and ‘Audio-only methods of brand place ment. The other major segment drawn out by Gupta and Lord (1998) for classification of brand placement is on the basis of level of prominence. The differentiation in this segment was on the basis of prominent placement of brand from the subtle placement of brand, wherein in prominent placement of brand the product or the brand is kept in foreground and is in the prime focus, the field in which the brand is placed is not shared and the visibility of brand is prominent, example of such brand placement can be seen in the Tom Hanks starrer movie terminal, when he is in office of immigration officer while he explains him the situation of his country he refers to a bag of chips, the bag of chips shown for over 30 seconds was â€Å"Lays†. On the other hand the subtle placement of brand is normally not prominent and does not catch attention, the visual field is shared with other brands and the products are placed in the background. Subtle case of brand placement can be seen in the mo vie ‘Hangover which shows billboard of brand ‘Riviera in background while the actors are driving in a police car in Las Vegas. Although the strategy which used prominent visual brand placement with properly exposed information and auditory mention of brands name and its attributes is said to have more effectiveness than just the visual placement, but it is not clear as the results from different academics do not coincide. (Law and Barun, 2000; Sabherwal et.al,. 1994; Galician, 2004: 188-190) 2.3.3 Brand Placement on the basis of Integration and Explicitness The brand placement methods defined by Russell were three dimensional, as by Lord and Gupta were bifurcated into two major segments based on audio-visual as mode of presentation and level of prominence. dAustos and Seguin (1999) in their work classify brand placement in three different ways. 1. Implicit product placement: The placement in which the presence of product, brand or firm is a part of the program and is placed there to fulfill the requirement of the context and plays a passive role and can be seen on the screen but the product name is not formally mentioning or demonstrating the product benefits, etc. 2. Integrated Explicit product placement: An integrated brand placement is the one in which the brand, firm, product placed plays an active role, the brand is formally mentioned and the attributes of the brand are clearly demonstrated. 3. Non-Integrated Explicit product placement: In this type of placement the brand, firm or the product is not related to the contents of program and no integration can be seen, but the name of the brand is formally expressed. Such placement is often seen in the title of the movie or in the beginning or in the end of the movie and it is seen that the brands placed in this kind of placement are often sponsors. (dAustos and Seguin 1999) The classification of brand placement by dAustos and Seguin classifies brands on the basis of their integration and explicitness whereas there can be seen similarities in the classification made by Gupta and Lord (1998) and Russell (1998) as they classify the placement using similar grounds of mode of placements which are audio and visual, though the approach of Gupta and Lords classification is simpler as the modes are clearly distinguished, the difference arise when Russell base the placement with the connection to the plot and Gupta and Lord ground their classification on prominence of brands. 2.3.4 Shapiros Method Shapiro (1993) relegates product placement in four different categories which were modified to three as practitioners agreed this classification to be the most suitable compilation for conducting the research at the initial most stage as it covers the spectrum of brand placement. The classification is grouped as: 1. Implicit: In this kind of placement the brand is visible on the screen, it might be foreground or background, etc. but brand name or benefits is given no verbal reference. 2. Used in a scene: In this kind of placement, the brand is visible and is used in the scene, but no verbal reference is given to the brand. Instance of such brand placements can be seen in movies when the characters are driving in a car or using a cell phone and the logo or name or identification of car is clear. 3. Integrated Explicit product placement: This kind of placement shows the lead actor or main characters of the movie using a product while mentioning and describing the benefits or attributes of the brands or the product. The brand placement method enunciated by dAustos and Seguin were quite similar to that of Shapiros classification as both the practitioners focused at the integration and explicitness of brand to major extent but the classification from dAustos and Seguin cover the dimension in which brand is place in the beginning or in end of the movie which he calls as Non-Integrated Explicit brand placement which is not discussed by any other scholar. The classification by dAustos and Seguin is very simple and can be used to sort and categorize the placement of brands in a broader way as it covers the major aspect of placement in a well defined manner. I adopt the usage of the classification techniques of brand placement portrayed by dAustos and Seguin (1999) as it will help me to create a clear distinction in the placement of brands and will be an optimum method to put into application for my research question. 2.4 Brand Placement and Bollywood The technique of brand placement in Indian film industry also called as Bollywood is not new, one of the earliest example of the same was seen in the film Bobby in year 1973 when the lead actor Raj Kapoor was seen riding on a bike which was ‘Rajdhoot Since that time a lot of brand placement can be seen for aerated soft drinks in a lot of Indian movies, brand like ThumsUp, Gold Spot, etc were commonly visible in movies in early 1990s, also the visibility of high ended cars during that time were prominent on the screen. Branded liquor with bottles was a common sight in many movies during this phase and the most common brands placed were Black Dog, VAT69 and Black Label. Latest examples can be seen in movies like Om Shanti Om (2007) with brands placed like Tag Heuer (Implicit), Nokia (Integrated explicit), Shoppers Stop (Implicit), etc, another instance can be seen in the movie Goal (2007) with integrated explicit brand placement of Reebok and Western Union Money Transfer. More th an 54% of Indian audience is under the age of 25 which comes under the target audience slab and of most of movie makers and the advertisement companies aiming of brand placement, and according to (FICCI and Ernst Young, 2003) this generation has more propensity and access to wide range of media and entertainment than the previous generation hence creating a lot of opportunities and scope for brand placement in the Indian Film industry from both Indian film industry and brand promoters point of view. Not only the access to modes of entertainment but also because the Indian middle class has grown more flexible and receptive towards international outlook because of the risen standard of living through increase in purchasing power (Varma, 1998) which is also another factor of supporting the growth. There are not many studies done on Brand placement in Bollywood and no substantial research can be seen focusing on the recalls towards the brands from the brand placement shown in the bolly wood movies. CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.0 Synopsis This chapter focuses on the importance of research methodology and explains in brief why it is necessary to draw a frame work of the research before bringing it into practical application. This chapter clearly states the aims and objectives of the research and defines the research approach undertaken. Also this chapter looks at the research methods used for this research and explains in brief the reason for their implementation as well. As almost every other research this research also is encountered with some limitations which are stated in the end of this chapter. 3.1 Research Methodology Research literally means the search for knowledge, a systematic and scientific search for relevant information and answers on a specific topic, searching new facts in any new branch of knowledge through inquiry, search and careful investigation. (Kothari, 2009) It is of very importance to detail out the research approach and the methods used, as it helps the reader to understand the research in a much convenient manner. Research plan includes the instruments of research which will lead to investigation of data (quantitative or qualitative) keeping the research question as prime consideration so as to be ascertain of the information gathered is fitting in with the requirement of the research. (Chisnall 1997) The following chapter includes all the activities concerned with the research conducted for this particular academic work and also tends to draw out research method which sets up an appropriate frame so as to fulfill the objectives and aims of the research further stated. The stru cture of this chapter is as follows * Aims and Objectives * Research philosophy * Approach * Data collection techniques * Data Analysis * Research Limitations 3.2 Aims and Objectives The main purpose of this research is to work on the concept of awareness or consciousness of brands as people watch movies. The critical issue that the research focuses at is; do the consumers get sensitized towards brands after watching Bollywood movies. The main objectives of this research are; * To know is Indian audience/Bollywoods Viewers are getting aware of brands shown in the movies through in-film brand/product placement? * If yes, then which is the most effective method of in-film Brand/product placement by analyzing the recalls? 3.3 Research Philosophy Research philosophy helps the researcher to find out the ways in which his/her research will comprehend the development of researchers knowledge. (Crossan 2003) Three of the major reasons for which the research philosophy must be taken into consideration are; a) it helps the researcher to figure out the methods he can use to design and conduct the research and to chalk down a strategy, b) it helps the researcher to evaluate the limitations of the research by putting different methodologies to test, c) it helps the researcher to explore different methods beyond his knowledge or experience. Thus researchers perception towards the development

mutlicultural education :: essays research papers

Multicultural Education: (Amer. Educators Encyclopedia) curricula designed to recognize the integrity, contributions, strengths, and viability of different cultural, language, and social groups in society. -Its about creating structures and process’s that allow for the expression of many civilizations, communities and individuals we are. -Each group has a different history of why they immigrated and their experience. US is an intellectual and fast paced country, its a melting pot, each culture combined with another makes the US what it is today - so therefore we should learn about every origin and its contributions. Questions: 1) Who is benefiting from the education? 2) How should we present the material in a way so as to offend the least amount of people? Hispanic Facts Dropout rates -High school drop out rates are more than double that of white students -Most dropouts are:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Male   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Above age (2 levels behind)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low grades   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavioral problems   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low income families, no encouragement   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low educational attainment -Drop out to help family (Hispanic culture family = core of life). -Ethnic identities influence their self esteem and assimilation into a culture- hence not as much effort dedicated to schooling. -Hispanics are the fastest growing ethnic group in the US public schools. -2 Factors that standout out are a.) segregation b) bilingual education -1 out of 4 Americans identify themselves as black Hispanic, Asian, Pacific Islander or American Indian.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -In 1996 950 Hispanics received their doctorates (2nd lowest compared to Indians) 26,363 whites received it. Answers -The more ethnically integrated a school system is, the easier it will be for a teacher to develop a well rounded teaching style that would in turn benefit all students. -Teachers should attend workshops on Ethnicity and culture. -States and Federal Gov’t should either provide special funds to teach minority children in their own language (which may hurt them b/c English is a crucial element to get ahead) OR teach both English and Spanish (which is proven to higher GPA’s and credits)

Advocacy for Families and Youth

Josie is an 11-year-old bi-racial â€Å"at-risk† adolescent who lives with her single mother. Josie has a history of learning and behavioral problems in school. She attends a large suburban school and is struggling in sixth grade. Josie can be a behavioral problem in the home and community and has been referred to your agency for advocacy services. She has been asked not to return to her soccer team because of her behavior and is no longer permitted at her after school program. One day when you are talking with Josie, she reports that she has been extremely depressed and just does not care about living anymore. In paragraph format, discuss, and describe the basic theories or methodologies involved in advocacy and the role of the advocate in working with at-risk families or youth. Explain how you would advocate for Josie in both the personal and professional setting by addressing the following questions: 1.What are the key advocacy issues or risk factors impacting this case? List at least three and explain why these are key issues. Make sure to take cultural considerations into account. 2.What should be done to address the advocacy issues? List at least three solutions per issue identified. Be very specific and support your response with at least two sources. 3.Identify any roadblocks that could occur to successful advocacy for this scenario. List and explain at least three roadblocks. Support your response with at least two sources. 4.What are the key legal and ethical considerations relevant to this case? How would you address these considerations?

Post 4 Example

Post 4 Example Post 4 – Coursework Example Hitchcock s that â€Å"colorblindness†¦is voiced most strongly by white Americans†. Why do you think this is? Why is colorblindness problematic? How can colorblindness work to mask contemporary racism?In US racism is a common thing, but the problem is that people judge others on the basis of their color which is termed as colorblindness. I had never observed the issue of colorblindness in my surroundings or perhaps I had never paid attention to racism. I believed I am open minded people who never consider myths like colorblindness. However, colorblindness turned to a hot topic and everywhere people are talking about colorblindness in America on TV, news channels, print media and on the internet. As Hitchcock noted that â€Å"colorblindness, while voiced by all Americans to various degrees, but is more strongly voiced by white Americans†. Last Friday when I was out with my friends I observed a real world experience of colorblindness but had observed a totally differ ent thing as per the statement of Hitchcock. When we were enjoying coffee at a coffee shop, a black guy visited the shop and people started looking at him suspiciously including my friends. When I asked fro one of my friends who were strongly refusing himself a racist, he told me that the person is looking like African American and these people are stupid and dangerous. The guy even had not finished his coffee and left the table just because of ‘white’ American’s starring. This helped me understand that who is actually racist and who is the victim. For the first time I realized that how problematic is colorblindness because under the mask of colorblindness people specially whites are hiding their contemporary racist thoughts. In fact colorblindness is far more harmful than racism because colorblind people never think about the race of a person.

Gold Democrats Essays

Gold Democrats Essays Gold Democrats Essay Gold Democrats Essay Perhaps no other campaign has stirred the passions of Americans as the contest of 1896 did. The quadrennial struggle between Democrats and Republicans was rhetorically elevated to class warfare. Journalist William Allen White was still amazed years later at the depth of feeling that was aroused. He remembered, It was a fanaticism like the Crusades. President Grover Cleveland stood steadfastly against silver. He predicted early in 1896 that abandoning the gold standard would devastate the Democratic party. If we should be forced away from our traditional doctrine of sound and safe money, our old antagonist will take the field on the platform which we abandon, and neither the votes of reckless Democrats nor reckless Republicans will avail to stay their easy march to power. But the unemployed and the starving were not interested. Clevelands public standing was as low as Herbert Hoovers would be thirty-five years later. A former Nebraska Congressman, William Jennings Bryan, said his fellow Democrats should have the same feeling for Cleveland as toward the trainman who has opened a switch and precipitated a wreck. : Silver sentiment existed in both parties, but it was much stronger among the Democrats. The Republicans followed Clevelands scenario, putting an ever-tighter embrace on the gold standard. Former Ohio Governor William McKinley easily clinched his partys nomination, thanks largely to the organizational skills of Mark Hanna. McKinley had voted for silver legislation in Congress, but he now okayed a platform standing solidly behind gold. A small group of silver Republicans dramatically walked out of the convention. Hanna was among those angrily shouting, Go! Go! Go! as the tiny band departed. Party distinctions were blurred in the fall. The Populist party endorsed the Democratic ticket, as did silver Republicans. Gold Democrats tried to draft President Cleveland. Failing that, many joined the McKinley camp. A few supported an independent Democratic ticket headed by Illinois Senator John Palmer. Late in 1895 the other candidates began to wake up. There were two opposing forces to be feared: first, the candidacy of Thomas B. Reed, of Maine, whose brilliant intellect, sterling character, and enviable congressional record had earned for him a well-deserved and widespread popularity; and second, the bosses of the party, who were in the habit of dictating nominations by combinations among themselves whenever possible. Of the latter, the first to be considered was Thomas C. Platt, who could deliver, so he thought, the entire vote of the State of New York. His candidate was Levi P. Morton, the former Vice-President. Next in order was Matthew S. Quay, of Pennsylvania, who decided upon himself as the favorite son of his State. Senator Allison was very properly the choice of Iowa. Senator Cullom would have been glad of the support of Illinois. It was generally thought that ex-President Harrison might wish a renomination, in which case Indiana would support him. No wonder that Senator Billy Mason remarked, dryly, that nobody seemed to be for McKinley except the people. Mr. McKinley was a bimetallist, and had stood for the use of both gold and silver in the currency of the United States without inquiring too closely whether the means actually used to force silver into circulation had or had not tended to lower the standard of value. Mark Hannas personal attitude was different from that of Mr. McKinley. He was enough of a banker to realize that the business of the country was suffering far more from uncertainty about the standard of value than it was from foreign competition. Mr. Hanna as the manager of the campaign realized how much Mr. McKinleys ambiguous attitude on the currency was helping the canvass in the Western States, and he probably desired as much as McKinley did that any more precise definition of the issue should at least be postponed until after Mr. McKinleys nomination was assured. In no event would he have insisted upon any opinion of his own in respect to an important matter of public policy in antagonism to that of his candidate and friend. Mc Kinleys opinion remained unchanged until the very eve of the Convention. The currency plank, tentatively drawn by Mr. McKinley and his immediate advisers, embodied his resolution to keep the currency issue subordinate and vague. According to Mr. Foraker, Mr. J. K. Richards came to him at Cincinnati some days before the date of the meeting of the Convention, bringing with him direct from Canton some resolutions in regard to the money and the tariff questions prepared by the friends of Mr. McKinley with his approval. The currency plank as handed to Mr. Foraker began as follows:

Your choice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Your choice - Research Paper Example There have also been guidelines that have been given by other government agencies and recommendations on management and prevention of further infection of the disease. Staying health is a factor that is considered in management of the patients. In this aspect, management of the patients should include taking medication as directed. When medicine is not taken as directed, there is lowering the level of immunity that defends the body causing the level of virus in the body to go up (Wnuk, 2008).This reduces the effectiveness of medicine when they are taken. In staying healthy, one should tell the doctor if there are side effects as a result of using to help the doctor help with dealing with the side effects. Telling about the status is a management practice that should also be considered. One infected with HIV should make sure that the other partners are aware of the status. This will make them be able to take care and reduce the risk of contracting the infection. Management of this situation should involve contacting health departments who offer partner services to help the partners about the exposure. Through the services, the staff is able to find drug and sex partners to tell them the risk of being exposed to HIV and STDs. Not taking risk is a management practice that should be considered in management. HIV is spread through body fluids. The most common spread of the disease is through unprotected sex and through sharing sharp objects and other drug equipment. Viral load is important in a person living with the infection since the higher the viral infection, the higher the risk of spreading the virus. Protection aspect is important. When there are other infections that occur in a person living with the infection, there should be no taking chances. The person should get tested and treated for the infections. A person with HIV and other infections

Possession of the Pubescent Female as Represented in The Exorcist Research Paper

Possession of the Pubescent Female as Represented in The Exorcist - Research Paper Example The invasive context in which the monster in The Exorcist (1973) has manifested represents the ways in which biological changes occur without the will of an individual. Regan is not under her own control, but is controlled by forces within her body that she cannot escape. No one can control what is happening to her. The priest, a representation of the male dominant gender, has no true power over the changes that are occurring within the little girl. He is flummoxed by the changes and is impotent in stopping what is happening to her. However, the male figure is still charged with saving the girl from her own spill of identity, the demon representing the psychological and physical changes that she cannot control and will set her life on a new course in which she must navigate the newness.According to Davies, human beings are fascinated by monsters because they most often have elements of explanation that real life does not often provide. As well, the ’paradox of horror’ c an be explained in terms of the ’disowned self’, the parts of the mind that a person may not want to own or acknowledge. The monster represents â€Å"the struggle between oppressive social norms and our repressed desires†, creating a tangible link between the parts of the self that cannot be expressed and the parts of the biological development that cannot be denied (330). The identity is often complicated by physical changes and manifestations of mental desires that are beyond the direct control of the self.