Friday, August 21, 2020

Alcohol and Tobacco Markets In US Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Alcohol and Tobacco Markets In US. Answer: Presentation In United States, there is a developing worry for rising utilization of cigarette and mixed refreshments. So as to put a limitation on cigarette utilization charge rates on cigarette has expanded. The expense arrangement is fruitful in lessening cigarette request. it is discovered that when cigarette request lessens then brew and soul request likewise decreases showing air conditioning integral connection. With a goal of diminishing crime percentage Isle of Man right now utilizes the system of prohibiting cigarette for detainees. Brew, Wine and Cigarette Markets In United States brew showcase rules other two most regular refreshments Wine and Sprit advertise. Consequently, Beer involves a significant spot in the classification of Alcoholic refreshments. American spends almost $37 billion as recorded from bear retail selling in 2017 (nielsen.com, 2017). There is escalated rivalry among various brands. A portion of the commanding brands in brew industry are Anheuser-Busch In Bev, Miller Coors, Heineken USA, Pabst and Boston Beer Co. USA has the biggest Wine advertise in World. Aside from household creation United States import an enormous volume of Wine each year. Australia is one of the enormous exporters of Wine in USA. The deals in wine industry have an upward pattern. In the wine advertise there are 90991 wineries as recorded in 2017 (wineinstitute.org, 2017). The inclination and spending on Wine is expanding step by step empowering Wine creation and Sales. US gangs a huge cigarette advertise as like mixed refreshments. In the period of against smoking approaches the makers in the market center around creating more up to date item. In such manner the E-cigarette advertise is has gotten significant. Ordinary cigarette, menthol cigarette, stogies are a portion of the assortments accessible in the market. There is an interconnection between the liquor and tobacco showcase. Most consumers like to smoke on occasion of drinking. Individuals expend liquor in mix with cigarette. At the point when a duty on cigarette expands cost of cigarette then there is a conspicuous reduction in cigarette request. Related with this, US economy has a recorded a decrease in liquor utilization (washingtonpost.com, 2017). This shows an integral connection among cigarette and liquor request. Be that as it may, the decrease isn't uniform among for every alcoholic item. Brew is more firmly related with cigarette than Wine and henceforth encounters a bigger fall in its market request because of tax assessment on cigarette. Any adjustment in lager or cigarette showcase is probably going to influence the other one. Effect of wellbeing acquiring on bundling of cigarette Cigarette and bear are reciprocal products. At the point when interest for both of the item changed this affects the other (Tauchmann et al., 2013). At the point when cigarette charge lessens interest for cigarette then there is a decrease popular for brew also. By virtue of wellbeing notice on cigarette bundling the interest for cigarette may decreases as a result of expanding mindfulness among individuals. At the point when cigarette request decreases then lager request will likewise decay. This is appeared in figure 2. The interest bend will move to one side and correspondingly value amount of lager sold will likewise decrease. Effect of yeast lack Yeast is utilized as an in fixing in planning lager. Deficiency in yeast flexibly lead gracefully clearly decreases creation of lager. Gracefully of lager at that point miss the mark regarding its interest and causes a value climb in brew showcase (McKetin et al., 2014). Because of rising value interest for lager will fall. The individuals who buy cigarette for devouring cigarette at time of drinking brew will diminish their buy somewhat. Again request bend for cigarette will move internal course from DD to D1D1. With a discounted in cigarette showcase cost will decay from P* to P1 and amount bought will tumble from Q* to Q1. The figure above tells the best way to reciprocal connection among cigarette and lager brings changes when showcase situation changes in any of the two markets. Cigarette boycott and declining crime percentage Smoking is an addictive propensity found in individuals of various age gatherings. To help their propensities individuals frequently include in various crimes. Violations are increasingly regular among youngsters who don't have a consistent wellspring of salary. In this way, forcing restriction on cigarette is required to lessen crime percentage, for example, taking, carrying and different sorts of wrongdoings (Kulick, Prieger Kleiman, 2016). The system taken in Isle of Man is very not the same as conventional forbidding. There, the detainees once entered the jail need to quit any pretense of smoking at any rate. They have no different alternatives however to leave their propensity. The danger of quitting any pretense of smoking works more seriously than discipline of negligible detainment. This adds to a noteworthy decrease in the crime percentage. The accounted crime percentage tumbles to about 14% after inconvenience of restricting (dailymail.co.uk, 2017). High people group Spirit and low pace of joblessness has just kept crime percentage low in Isle of Man. Moreover, prohibiting cigarette in detainment facilities has made crime percentage even lower. In the jail building, neither the prisoners nor the watchmen are permitted to smoke. So as to give help with totally surrendering the propensity nicotine patches are given. Any habit directly affects psychological well-being (Sweeting Hunt, 2015). Along these lines, course of action for guiding is given to the detainees. Hoodlums for a wide range of conviction are brought under this arrangement. Along these lines, individuals are getting rid of even little wrongdoings like battling, taking vehicles. The possibility of cigarette boycott hence assists with lessening crime percentage to a great extent. End The paper assesses liquor and tobacco advertise in United States. Market for brew, Wine and cigarette are firmly assessed and entomb connection among cigarette and liquor item has been found to exits. The connection is progressively important for brew that that for Wine. Wellbeing admonitions on cigarette influence lager showcase request. So also yeast lack in brew showcase influences cigarette buy. Last focal point of the paper is on the forbidding of cigarette in Isle of Man and a related declining crime percentage. References Drop in wrongdoing on Isle of Man ascribed to Europe's just non-smoking jail. (2017).Mail Online. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1239209/Drop-wrongdoing Isle-Man-ascribed Europes-non-smoking-prison.html Kulick, J., Prieger, J., Kleiman, M. A. (2016). Unintended outcomes of cigarette restriction, guideline, and taxation.International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice,46, 69-85. Market, T. (2017).The State of the U.S. Lager Market.Nielsen.com. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/experiences/reports/2017/the-condition of-the-us-brew market.html McKetin, R., Chalmers, J., Sunderland, M., Bright, D. A. (2014). Recreational medication use and hitting the bottle hard: Stimulant yet not cannabis inebriation is related with inordinate liquor consumption.Drug and liquor review,33(4), 436-445. Insights - The Wine Institute. (2017).Wineinstitute.org. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://www.wineinstitute.org/assets/insights Sweeting, H., Hunt, K. (2015). Jail Services Tobacco Strategy Group. Tauchmann, H., Lenz, S., Requate, T., Schmidt, C. M. (2013). Tobacco and liquor: supplements or substitutes?.Empirical Economics, 1-28. Need individuals to drink less? Make their cigarettes increasingly costly. (2017).Washington Post. Recovered 14 September 2017, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/10/27/need individuals to-drink-less-make-their-cigarettes-increasingly costly/?utm_term=.6a90eaa33261.

Tuesday, July 14, 2020

How to Quit an Addiction Advice on Stopping

How to Quit an Addiction Advice on Stopping Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Print How Quitting an Addiction Can Be Challenging By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Hartney, BSc., MSc., MA, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 27, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 25, 2019 Verywell / Brianna Gilmartin More in Addiction Coping and Recovery Methods and Support Overcoming Addiction Personal Stories Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Youve recognized you have a problemâ€"that your addictive behavior is affecting other parts of your lifeâ€"and you want to know how to quit an addiction. The chances are that you didnt expect to become addicted when you started. You may have thought you were just having fun and could quit at any time. Many people who develop addictions are surprised at how difficult they find their first attempt at quitting, and end up wondering, Why cant I quit? The good news is that you can quit, although it is a complicated process.  There are many factors, physical, mental, and emotional, that make quitting difficult.?? This is why so many people find treatment helps to guide them through the complex process of quitting â€" although many people are successful quitting on their own. Understanding why quitting is so difficult can help you see that everyone overcoming an addiction goes through the same process to some extent. It is not that you are especially weak-willed or that you are failing any more than anyone else. When you find yourself thinking, feeling, or acting in a particular way that goes against your decision to quit, you can be more compassionate with yourself, and keep trying. Tolerance Tolerance and withdrawal are key factors that contribute to addiction. They are strongly interconnected and are the main processes that got you addicted in the first place.?? If people didnt develop tolerance and withdrawal, they would probably find it a lot easier to quit. Tolerance is a physical and psychological process. When you experience an addictive substance or behavior the first time, it may be overwhelming, unpleasant even, or it may be mild and pleasurable. If the effect feels strong, you may feel there is no danger of you wanting to overdo it. If it is mild, it may seem harmless and innocent. The more times the behavior is repeated, the less sensitivity you have to it, and the more you need to get the same effect. Drugs, such as alcohol and opiates, work on specific parts of the brain, creating physical tolerance. Behaviors, such as sex and gambling, produce feelings of excitement that get less intense over time.?? As tolerance develops, you may want to do more of the drug or behavior to get the same effect. Withdrawal As you become addicted, you may experience withdrawal when you arent able to do the addictive behavior. Physical withdrawal symptoms may occur, such as shaking, feeling unwell, stomach upsets, and/or psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as feeling anxious and depressed. These are easily fixed by more of the addictive substance or behavior. Physical withdrawal from alcohol and drugs although variable and often resolves over a period of several days. However, it tends to be quite unpleasant and it can be dangerous. If you decide to quit, it is best done under medical supervision.?? Discuss physical withdrawal with your doctor for the best way to approach this. Once you have been through withdrawal, there are deeper psychological processes that make it difficult to stay on the wagon. Blocks to Quitting: Conflict and Ambivalence When your addictive behavior becomes excessive to the point of creating conflict, it is out of balance with other parts of your life. Conflict may occur within yourself â€" you want to rein in your behavior while, at the same time, have greater urges to do it. Conflicts also occur with other people: whether they want you to quit or want you to join them in the addictive behavior. Despite making a commitment to quit, and going through the withdrawal phase, conflicts do not simply go away. Expectations are higher than ever before. The one thing you depended on to cope with stressâ€"the addictive behaviorâ€"is now off-limits. This is why it is so important to have other ways of coping firmly established, ideally before quitting. A therapist will help you with this. Without coping strategies in place, you are likely to experience strong urges to go back to the addictive behavior one more time. Relationship support can help you deal with and avoid conflicts without using your addictive behavior for comfort and escape. Ambivalence, the mixed feelings of both wanting to continue with the addictive behavior and wanting to quit, is part of the addictive process even in the early stages of experimentation.?? Often, this is felt in terms of right and wrong, a moral dilemma, especially in relation to sexual and illegal behaviors. In some cases, guilt feelings are appropriate; in others, they are not. Guilt and Justification The discomfort of these feelings of guilt when your behavior doesnt fit with your own standards of right and wrong can be a strong motivator to make changes. Sometimes it can work against you, causing you to justify your behavior to yourself and other people. This can get in the way of the decision to quit.?? Some common justifications are: Denial:  Its not a problem.Minimization:  I have already cut down.Comparisons:  Pollution is more dangerous. Uncle Ted drinks far more than I do.Defiance:  I would rather live a shorter life and be happy than quit and be miserable.Rationalization:  Ive never stolen to finance my habit, I am way more sociable when Ive had a drink.Lesser of Two Evils:  Better I do it than I be impossible to live with.Misinformation:  Cancer doesnt run in my family. It has medicinal uses, so its OK. Chocolate is the only cure for PMS.Taking Behavior out of Context:  In some cultures, polygamy is acceptable.Glorification:  Queen Victoria used to… Patriarchs in the Old Testament had many wives. Jesus drank wine. How Can You Quit? Therapy can help you to cope with uncomfortable feelings and help you unravel the irrational thoughts that keep you addicted. Quitting is not easy or straightforward, but a good treatment program will help you achieve it when you are ready.?? If you are ready to quit, talk to your doctor or call the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) hotline at 1-800-662-4357 or use their online treatment locator to find services in your area. The Best Online Therapy Programs

Thursday, May 21, 2020

Women Should NOT Have Equality Essay - 1026 Words

Men are men. Women are women. We have different strengths and weaknesses that we contribute to our society. For centuries, men have done most of the hunting and gathering, while women are the caretakers and watch over the family. The roles that women play are different than the roles that men play. So why the push for equality between the two? We will never be the same in physical or mental strength. Men and women will always be different people and different genders. Women should not have same and equal rights to men because of the differences in physical strength, knowledge, and in authority. The U.S. military is one of the strongest powers in the world. It was built on the strength, determination, and toughness of its†¦show more content†¦Ryan Smith, a former U.S. soldier, describes in an article about his traumatic life during the war in Iran which included lack of hygiene, blood, sweat, sores, and even being forced to strip down naked. He later goes on to say, â€Å"†¦it would be painful to witness a member of the opposite sex in such an uncomfortable and awkward position† (Smith). Being in such awful conditions is hard for anyone, but sharing these experiences with the opposite gender is even more embarrassing. Allowing women to fight on the front-lines of combat prevents nations from winning wars due to the lack of physical strength and stamina they possess. In politics and some religions, few women have ever held high ranking positions. When it comes to politics, many feminist supporters believe that the only explanation for this controversy is due to â€Å"†¦gender bias still lingering† (â€Å"Women in U.S. Politics). Recently, women have been able to prove themselves in politics and have upheld top positions such as governors and senators. Senator Hillary Clinton made history, becoming the first woman to win a U.S. presidential primary with her victory in New Hampshire (â€Å"Women in U.S. Politics). Gender discrimination is obviously not the problem. †The real reason for the shortage of women in politics is that many womenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s T ,Ä? He Scarlet Letter ,Ä?1410 Words   |  6 Pagesall consuming, and even blinding to other aspects of life. People who are deeply in love can often be lead to prioritize their love above all else; they would do anything and everything to protect their love. Such is the case in Nathaniel Hawthorne s T​he Scarlet Letter​with Hester Prynne and Reverend Dimmesdale. Hester is an extremely strong woman who has co mmitted what is considered to be one of the worst sins in Puritan society: adultery. However, public knowledge of her sin only further accentuatesRead MoreThe Revolution Was A Huge Period Of Change From 1775-17831366 Words   |  6 Pagesreevolution didn t change anything. America would not be the America it is today if the revolution didn’t change the style of government. America would be a country ran by a king if it weren t for revolutionary change of government. On the other hand, the revolution did absolutely nothing for slaves and blacks. The laws that were set in the 1780’s against slavery were way too lenient and that allowed no change to occur. It is evident that the revolution was revolutionary and it wasn t at the same timeRead MoreWomen s Rights On The Grounds2974 Words   |  12 Pagesmeaning might surprise you as much as it did me; â€Å"The advoc acy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. † This definition did not sound so crazy to me at all; it actually seemed reasonable. The equal ity of women in society is something most think has been established. However, there are plenty of obstacles we, as women, and as minority groups, have yet to face to achieve tru e equality in every aspect of our lives. 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Discrimination can deprive the person of opportunities to progress in life, for example unfair payment for work has several consequences like having a smaller apartment, leading to dissatisfaction with one’s life when heRead MoreResearch Skills Assignment6271 Words   |  26 Pages Appendix 2: Questionnaire 16 Appendix 3: Sample characteristics 20 Appendix 4: Normality and Homogeneity 24 Appendix 5: Cronbach’s Alpha analysis 25 Appendix 6: Bivariate correlation matrix of constructs 25 Appendix 7: Independent sample t-test 28 Appendix 8: Univariate analysis 29 Appendix 9: ANOVA Controlled for feeling Dutch 31 Appendix 10: ANOVA Controlled for gender 31 1. Problem analysis 1.1 Current situation In the coming years, further consolidation and economies ofRead MoreChristian Beliefs on Discrimination and Prejudice Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagesare wrong. Both the Roman Catholic Church and the Church of England have similar views on racism but slightly differing views on sexism and women in the church. Text Box: Racism /Â’reÄ ±sÄ ±(Éâ„ ¢)m/ n. 1 a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities. And that racial difference produces an inherent superiority of a particular race. 2 racial prejudices or discrimination. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚ ¡racist n. adj.The definition of racism is ___This part means that raceRead MoreAustralians Belief in Equal Employment Opportunity2601 Words   |  10 PagesPromoting Equality of Opportunity in todays Australia It is a social norm for Australians to believe in equality of opportunity. Moreover, numerous of them strongly believe that it is being recognized in practice that Australians life prospects are less reliant on their birth environment and less hindered by inflexible class makeup, or lack of social networks, than are the life prospects of numerous people in other comparable nations. Equal Opportunity, occasionally calledà ¸ ¢ equality of opportunityRead MoreLeveraging Human Potential : Gm 500 : Management Theories And Practices1288 Words   |  6 Pagescorporations and initiatives employers should take in order to appreciate the diversity and leverage the human capital. I intend to learn that diversity is beyond employees being different, but extends to gender, education background, ethic, and social status. In ?True to Myself? (Daft,2014) this case study address diversity in the area of gender. I learned that racism, nor harassment is not always men to women, but it can be woman to woman. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Client, A Hispanic Male, Age 69 Essay - 1376 Words

Assessment The client is a Hispanic Male, age 69, who was born in the Dominican Republic. The client communicates solely in Spanish. He has two daughters who both live in the Bronx. The client suffers from Diabetes, Cholesterol and moderate Dementia. The client has tremors in his hands as a result of brain surgery. The client lives in a rented room in Inwood Heights. Initially, the client s presenting problem included finding adequate housing however, after completing the intake form I became aware that the client was over income for most housing assistance programs. The reason why the client is seeking housing assistance is because according to the the client â€Å"he lives with two other men in a single bedroom apartment†. Furthermore, the client informed me that his roommates work overnight shifts which is when the client sleeps. They sort of rotate their sleeping shifts to accommodate each other. My client describes his housing situation as uncomfortable and stressful. Additionally, when the client and I talked more about the reasons he wanted to find housing it became obvious that the client also wants to feel valued by his children. In other words, the client describes the relationship with his daughters as solely for monetary purposes. My client believes his daughters are distant and do not care about his present living situation although they are the ones who monitor my clients finances and pay for the rented he is living in. My client also mentioned wanting to overcomeShow MoreRelatedThe Client Is A Hispanic Male Age 69 Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesAssessment The client is a Hispanic Male age 69, who was born in the Dominican Republic. The client communicates solely in Spanish. He has two daughters who both live in the Bronx. The client suffers from Diabetes, Cholesterol and moderate Dementia. The client has shakiness in the hands as a result of a surgery he endured in the brain. The client lives in a rented room in Inwood Heights. 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Nomination HIV Education and Prevention Free Essays

Each year there are several cases of AIDS/HIV cases are reported. This may simply shows that people are still ignorance about the disease and its consequences once a person is inflicted. Other instance of the continued dispersion of the disease is the unawareness of people regarding its prevention. We will write a custom essay sample on Nomination: HIV Education and Prevention or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to some surveys conducted, significant numbers of people are dangerously ignorant about the virus, unawareness about the HIV amongst groups. One way of eliminating the sense of unawareness among people is through education. Significantly, one must always reminder that prevention is better than cure (Avert, 2007). What actions did the candidate take in addressing HIV/AIDS needs in the community? The candidate doesn’t ignore the alarming disease. She/he conducted a house-to-house visit in the X County to provide them education about the disease. In fact, the place was considered to be remote area and really needs to be provided with such actions. He/she   gave information to the people about the disease – HIV transmission and prevention. Besides, he/she also taught them about the practical prevention of the disease. She/he taught them on how to get and use condom, how to suggest and practice safe sex, how to prevent from the infection in a medical environment or injection of drugs. Moreover, she/he also shared the risks involved in an unsafe sex. Besides, she/he also gave leaflet about AIDS and made an advertising campaign regarding the dangerous – putting slogan. This is an example on non-targeted education. Meaning, for those who were not able to reach the program could be educated, at the same time, through this method. She/he knew that education regarding the disease must be disseminated through the entire community. However, considering some of the limitations, she/he couldn’t do the information dissemination between him/her and an individual throughout the entire community. However, before he conducted the program, he/she first know the attitudes or characteristics of the people and the community’s culture. She/he considered the following points before visitation: age of the people to be educated, receptive degree of the groups, cultural issues, individual education or awareness, education attained by the people about HIV, literacy, others. From this, she/he could really identify which groups needed an intensive education and prevention program (Avert, 2007). She/he also taught them on the negative impacts of the discrimination towards people having the disease. 2. What achievements resulted from the candidate’s efforts? Because of his intensive information giving out about the disease and the effective method implemented, none of her clients has gotten infected with HIV considering the fact that they are a very high risk group. This simply means that the program really works. The people really understand about the disease, its risks and prevention. Also, the community is also very cooperative among its citizens. They also educate others who are ignorant about the disease. The education was not only distributed to the current residents but also it was distributed and disseminated to the next generation (Avert, 2007). 3. What else would you like the selection committee to know about this individual’s contribution to the HIV/AIDS effort in X County? I wanted to know on how she/he approached each individual. I also wanted to know what problems they encountered at the X County during the educational program and how do she/he resolved it. Reference Avert. (2007). HIV / AIDS Education . Retrieved November 17 , 2007, from Why HIV/AIDS education?: http://www.avert.org/aidseducation.htm ; ; ; How to cite Nomination: HIV Education and Prevention, Essay examples

Friday, April 24, 2020

Youth Work an Example of the Topic Career by

Youth Work Youth Work is a very dynamic and interesting vocation. The process of relating with young people, hearing their stories, and helping them find their way through this life, is enough to encourage a youth minister's heart. But then, in order to avoid stereotyping the youth and putting them in a box that does not really describe them, research is also needed. Basic research therefore is needed so that the youth minister would be able to understand the youth and minister to them effectively. Although our organization are sponsoring a number of events for young people, the attendance in the past two months have not been very good. This might have been because of poor programming or some other reasons like school or work commitments and other matters. To determine the reasons behind the poor attendance of our events, I decided to conduct a short research regarding the preferences of young people and what they are looking for in a program or event so that our events can cater more to their needs and their concerns. Need essay sample on "Youth Work" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed To undertake this research, I have decided to talk with several young people and devise a research strategy that could generate significant results. As part of the strategy, I designed a questionnaire that I use in interacting with young people to identify a better way of programming or involving youth in our youth organization events. There were about 20 young people who were the targets of this research undertaking. They are the target audience of our events and programs. This way, we would certainly come to understand their interests and their pursuits so that we can easily adjust our programming and our strategy in reaching out to these young people. The questions we wanted to ask young people are: (1) What activities do you enjoy doing? Would you want these activities included in our youth events? (2) What makes an enjoyable and meaningful youth event? (3) How can the organization help you become a better person? (4) What types of games do you want to play during youth group activities? (5) How do you envision the organization to be an effective minister to you? Based on my talk and my sessions with the young people, a lot of them said that they could relate so much with the language being used by the organization. Apparently, there is a gap in the communication process so they cannot maximize their participation in the events sponsored by the organization. More than that, they do have various work and school commitments that prevent them from attending these events. Additionally, they do not see the need to attend these events and they would rather earn money or socialize with their friends rather than attending such events. Given these findings, in order for the youth events to be patronized by more youth, the language in the invitations and in the programs of the events. With a more youthful language, the young people's interest will be enhanced as a result. For the events to be well-attended, we should also stoke the interests of young people so that they themselves would promote the events to their friends through word-of-mouth advertisements. More than that, however, the content of the talks and the activities in the programs should be relevant to the lives of young people. That is the most important aspect of the events being sponsored for them. Reference Australian Remote and Rural Training Systems." Youth work. Provide appropriate services for young people" Torrensville Plaza, S. Aust. : Australian Remote and Rural Training Systems, 2003. Tony Jeffs; Mark K Smith "Youth work" Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.